Umlando ngokuqukethwe eziNcwadini „iKhronikhi“
Zombili iziNcwadi zeKhronikhi [zesiKhathi neNkathi] zihlobene njengoba nezikaSamweli nezamaKhosi zihlobene. Ukuthi zihlelwe zibe yizincwadi ezimbili kwenziwa ngokuhunyushelwa kwazo olwimini lwesiGrikhi. Umbuzo okusashikashikwana nawo nanamuhla lokhu ngothi iziNcwadi „uEzra” neNcwadi „uNehemiya“ ziqhuba okuqalwé eziNcwadini „iKhronikhi“ na, noma zizimele ngokwazo, okungathi-ke iNcwadi yokuQala neyesiBili yeKhronikhi [1 Khr | 2 Khr] zikanye noEzra noNehemiya zingadidinyelwa ndawonye phansi kwesihloko esithi „umQulu womLando ngezeNkathi nesiKhathi“. Sizobuyela kulo mbuzo uma sesethula iziNcwadi oEzra noNehemiya.
iziNcwadi zeKhronikhi
IziNcwadi zeKhroniki zombili zibukeka sengathi ziyindendende yomlando osuka kuAdamu uze uye sekupheleni kwesikhathi sokudingiswa eBhabhiloni noma kambe kuze kube sesimemezelweni sesinqumo senkosi yakwelasePhereshiya, uKhirusi, onyakeni wamakhulu amahlanu namashumi amathathu nesishiyagalombili ngaphambi kwale nkathi esiphila kuyo [538 ph.Khr.]. UHieronymus, owaziselwa intshisekelo yakhe kwezenkolo, lezi zincwadi wayezibiza ngokuthi „yiBala-Nkathi jikelele lomLando wezeNkolo“ [chronicon totius divinae historiae], esho-ke ukuthi nomlando kaIzrayeli eholwa ngoPhezukonke uqukethwe lapha – umlando wokubusa koPhezukonke emhlabeni. UMartin Luther ekuhumusheleni kwakhe lezi zincwadi esiJalimaneni [ezithatha kolwazo lwendabuko, olwesiHebheru] waleboleka kuHieronymus leli gama elithi „iKhronikhi“ [ibala-nkathi]. Ekuhunyushelweni kwethestamente elidala [ThD] kolwesiGrikhi [lithathwa belu kolwakubo lwendabuko, olwesiHebheru], lezi zincwadi zethiwa elithi „Paraleipomenon I“ nelithi „Paraleipomenon II“; elebolekelwa kwelesiLathini, kwathiwa „Paralipomenon liber I et II“. Uhlamvu lwesiGrikhi oluthi „paraleipomena“ luchaza ukuthi „obekunganakekanga“, „obekukhohlakele [= ebesesikukhohliwe].“ Ngalokho-ke lokhu okulotshwé eziNcwadini zeKhronikhi kuthathwa ngokuthi kwenazezela okulotshwé eziNcwadini „uSamweli“ naseziNcwadini „amaKhosi“. Igama lazo ngolwesiHebheru elahunyushelwa kolwesiLathini ngokuthi „Verba dierum“, okuchaza ukuthi „incwadi yansukuzonke [= yokhulunyiwe ngosuku ngosuku]“ lisondelene nelithi yiKhronikhi [yiBala-Nkathi].
Onke la magama ashaya emhlolweni: Izincwadi „iKhronikhi“ yiziNcwadi zomLando, nòma ungaphelele nje-ke nazo zizigcizelelela lapha nalaphaya ngokubona, okunye zingakunaki, zikushiye ngaphandle, okuyinqubo nokho-ke esiyazela eziNcwadini „uSamweli“ naseziNcwadini „amaKhosi“. Kusukela esahlukweni seshumi [1 Khr 10] iKhronikhi igxila-nje kwezimbala izingxoxo ezisukela ekukhothameni kukaSawuli, kuya emlandweni ngombuso waseningizimu kwaJuda, okuyiyona ndikimba yayo kube kuyimizekeliso ngoDavida noSolomoni kanye nokwakhiwa kwethempeli. Umlando ngombuso wasenyakatho kwaIzrayeli usala-nje ngaphandle; uthinteka-nje lapho kungakwazeki khona ukuthi ugwenywe – ekudatshulweni nasekwehlukanisweni kombuso (2 Khr 12,1-24).
Ukhetho lokulotshwé ngakho luhambisana nenhloso nangenkathi eyavela ngayo iKhronikhi. Kubonakala sengathi ivelé muva-nje; kufuniselwa onyakeni wamakhulu amathathu ngaphambi kwale nkathi esiphila kuyo [300 ph.Khr.]. Izethasiselo ezinye zaxhunyelelwa ezikhathini ezalandelayo. Abalobi – besuka emizekelisweni ngombusi wokuqala kwelakwaJuda, uDavida – bakhombisa inhloso yokuthi iJerusalema lithatheke njengeshashalazi elimaphakathi kwenzenkolo kwelakwaIzrayeli. UDavida kuthiwa isakhiwo sethempeli wasisusa phansi esihlela umniningwane nomniningwane waso; imidwebo yohlelo lokwakha waye eseyinikeza uSolomoni, okunguyena-ke okwakhiwa ngokusho kwakhe.
Akusiso-nje isakhiwo kuphela, kodwa nohlelo lwenqubo yokukhonza ethempelini, uDavida walwakha, walushiya ezandleni zikaSolomoni [1 Khr 23-27]. Lokho-ke kusho ukuthi zonke izikhonzi neziphathimandla ethempelini – abaLevi, abaphristi, abahlabaleli nabalindi emasangweni nasemnyango kanye neziphathimandla zonke zabakwaLevi ngokwehlukahlukana kwemisebenzi namagunya azo – zabekwa nguDavida ezikhundleni zazo. Kubizwa abozalo nabomndeni othile bonke uma kulawulwa ngesikhundla nangenkonzo ehlelelwayo. Siyazi-ke kodwa nokho ukuthi lezi zinhlu zamagama angaqedwa azidabuki ezikhathini zikaDavida uqobo, yizinhlu lezi ezivele emva kwesikhathi sokudingiswa eBhabhiloni, zivela ngezikhathi ezehlukene. Akungabazeki ukuthi lezi zinhlu zamagama ziwumphumela womshikashika owawukade uthathé isikhathi eside lapha imindeni ethile yayizé yakwazi ukuziqhwishela, yangena ohlwini nangezikhwepha. Kwakhona-nje ukuphakanyiswa nokutuswa kwabakwaLevi kuphindelelwa kwenza lo mbiko ubukeke ngamehlo ensolo. AbakwaLevi, sekubuywé ekudingisweni kwelaseBhabhiloni, balilwela ilungelo labo lenkonzo nelobuphathimandla ethempelini emva kokuthi – ngisho nangemuva kokucandulwa kabusha kwenkonzo ethempelini yinkosi uJosaya [622/21 ph.Khr.] – babekade betholelwé imisetshenzana-nje ethempelini ababengayithandi, beyibukela phansi.
NjengaseNcwadini „amaKhosi: iNcwadi yesiBili“ (2 Khos), eNcwadini „iKhronikhi: iNcwadi yesiBili“ (2 Khr) kubikwa ikakhulukazi ngeziphathelene noDavida noSolomoni kanye neziphathelene namakhosi uHizikhiya noJosaya ababetuselwa intshisekelo yabo kwezenqubekela-phambili kanye nenkosi uJoshafathi owazizuzela ugazi ngokukhuthalela kwakhe ukugcinwa komthetho (2 Khr 17,7-9; 19,4-11).
Le mininingwane inika ulwazi olusizayo ocwaningweni ngendabuko nangenhloso nesakhiwo seKhronikhi: IKhronikhi iwumphumela wemizamo yabalobi bomlando kwelakwaJuda inhloso yabo okwakungeyikho ukubika ngezehlakalo ngokulandelana kwazo, kodwa babefuna ukubeka ubufakazi bokubaluleka kwabozalo lwakwaJuda, neJerusalema, nenkosi uDavida nabozalo lwakhe bonke. IKhronikhi izama ukuxoxa ngenqubo namasiko enkonzweni ethempelini, ixoxe ibheké ezikhathini eziphambili, esezedlula, bese kuba sengathi lawo masiko ayesungulwé agunyazwa nguDavida uqobo, aziseke, ahlonipheke-ke ngokunjalo.
Kusiza kakhulu ukuthi ngaphandle kweKhronikhi, kukhona iziNcwadi „uSamweli“ neziNcwadi „amaKhosi“ okuyizona ziqukethe ngokwenelisayo ulwazi ngomlando wakwelakwaIzrayeli ophethe nomlando ngelasenyakatho kwaIzrayeli. Ukuba sasineKhronikhi kuphela-nje, lwaluyoba lufuphi kakhulu ulwazi esasiyogcina silutholile ngomlando wakwelakwaIzrayeli. Nòma umlobi weKhronikhi wayekade ezifundile wacaphuna kabanzi kuzo iziNcwadi „uSamweli“ neziNcwadi „amaKhosi“, wayekha phezulu kokunye, afake futhi akuthathé ezingxoxweni ezinye esingenalo ulwazi ngazo.
Ofundayo uqale adideke, angayilandelisisi inhloso yohlu oludekazi okuvulwa ngalo iNcwadi „iKhronikhi: iNcwadi yokuQala“ [1 Khr 1-9] olungenancazelo. Ekuluhlolisiseni lolu hlu, iyabonakala inhloso yomlobi: Kwethulwa imindeni ethile yakwelakwaJuda nabozalo lwayo ngokuhlobana ngokwahlukahlukene. Ngaphambi kwalokho kuhanjwa kuze kuyothintwa emandulo – oAdamu noSethi noEnokhi nenzalo yabo belandelwa ngabozalo lo Abhrahamu namadodana akhe kanye nohlu lwababusi kwelase-Idomu [Edomu]. Esahlukweni sesibili kungena uhlu lwabozalo lwabakwaJuda [1 Khr 2], kwesesithathu kube uhlu lwabozalo lwendlu kaDavida [1 Khr 3]. Isahluko sesine sethula okunazezelwa ngakho emlandweni wemindeni bese ulandelisa ngohlu lwabozalo lwabaseningizimu, kwaSimiyoni [1 Khr 4]. Kuze kube sezahlukweni sesihlanu kuya kwesesishiyagolombili [1 Khr 5-8] lapho kwedlulelwa khona emindenini engaphandle kwelakwaJuda. Esahlukweni sesihlanu nesesithupha [1 Chr 5,27-6,66] kufakwé uhlu olude phansi kwesihloko esithi „Levi“ esinababebhekene nenkonzo yobuphristi ngokuhlobana kwabo ngokwahlukahlukene kanye nabahlabeleli bakhona kwaLevi. Ingxenye yesibili yesahluko sesithupha [1 Khr 6,39-66] ikhuluma ngokubizwa ngokuthi „yimizi nezindawo zabakwaLevi“ okuwuhlu oluthathwé eNcwadini „uJoshwa“ [Josh 21]. Isahluko sesishiyagalolunye sididiyela ndawonye izinhlu eziningi ezahlukene kwazona ezingamawele ezinye ethestamenteni elidala.
Inhloso yayo yonke-ke le mininingwane esengxenyeni yokuqala yeKhronikhi ihamba ihamba ivele obala, iqondakale, isiqhathaniswa nendlela ezakhiwe ngayo iziNcwadi zombili. Okuqukethwe kuvamé ukwethulwa ngale ndlela:
Ingxenye yokuqala: Imindeni ngokuhlobana kwayo 1 Khr 1 – 9
Ingxenye yesibili: Umlando ngoDavida 1 Khr 10 – 29
Ingxenye yesithathu: Umlando ngoSolomoni 2 Khr 1 – 9
Ingxenye yesine: Umlando ngamakhosi akwelakwaJuda – kusukela kuRehobhowamu kuya kuSedekhiya 2 Khr 10 – 36
Indikimba yeKhronikhi, izingxoxo ngoDavida noSolomoni, izungezwé ngothango olubonakalayo. Kuqalwa ngokhokho babakwaJuda, ingalibaleki imindeni yakwelasenyakatho nakulokho (1 Khr 1 – 9), kugcinwe ngomlando wakwabakwaJuda emva kokukhothama kukaSolomoni okwakusemuva kokuphambuka nokuchitheka kwemindeni yakwelasenyakatho (2 Khr 10 – 36).
Inhloso yalendlela okuxoxwa ngayo ivela obala: Kuzanywa ukuthi ibandla labakhonza ethempelini laseJerusalema emva kokuba sekubuyiwe ekudingisweni kwelaseBhabhiloni laziswe njengabenzalo yendabuko, ukuphambuka nokuchitheka kwemindeni yakwelasenyakatho okwalandelayo, kufakaziselwe yile ngxoxo eseyathathwa njengomlando wempela. Kuzanywa ukuthi isizwe sakwaIzrayeli sibonakaliswe ngokuhlobana kwemindeni yaso yendabuko, kukhunjuzwane ngoqhekeko olwabakhona ngokuphambuka nokuchitheka kwemindeni yasenyakatho, okwaziwayo nokungephikwe, ukuze abakwaJuda baziswe kuphindelelwa ngokubakhona kwabo. Ukuthi abakwaJuda baqhubeke babe yisizwe nasemva kokudedelwa ekudingisweni kwelaseBhabhiloni kwaveza yisimemezelo senkosi yakwelasePhereshiya, uKhirusi, owavumela ukuthi livuselelwa ithempeli eJerusalema, okuxoxwa ngakho emavesini okugcina eKhronikhi. Ingxenye yokuqala yeKhronikhi [1 Khr 1 – 9] ayisilo-nje “ishashalazi phambi komuzi wabozalo” njengoba kuhlala kushiwo, iyingxenye yendikimba yale ngxoxo okuzanywa ngayo ukusho ukuthi uIzrayeli lo wavelaphi nokuthi ngubani nobani ongowakhona nongesiye owakhona.
Izinguqunguquko endleleni umlando oxoxwa ngayo eziNcwadini “iKhronikhi” ekuqhathanisweni kwazo neziNcwadi “uSamweli” neziNcwadi “amaKhosi” asizukungena sampela kuzo lapha. Akudingekile nokuthi iziNcwadi “iKhronikhi” zisolwe, zisolelwe ukuhlanekezela umlando, ngoba vele azisizo izincwadi ngomlando ngokuhambisana nokucwaningwa nokulotshwa komlando kwezemfundo, ziwumzamo-nje osebenzisa amabala athile akhethiwe emlandweni ukweseka izaba zokuphakamisa ukwaziseka kweJerusalema nethempeli lakhona emva kokuba sekubuywé ekudingisweni eBhabhiloni. Lezi ziNcwadi kufanele zemukeleke njengomzamo ovumelekile wokuhlolisisa nokuhlela amasiko nezinqubo ezaziwayo emphakathini ezingasiza ekuphenyeni ngokubaluleka nokwamukeleka kwezinqubo ezithile zenkonzo eJerusalema ngezikhathi emva kokuba sekubuywé ekudingisweni eBhabhiloni. Lowo mzamo wawudingeké, ubaluleké, ikakhulukazi ekuqwagayiseni nabaseSamariya ababekade bekwelasenyakatho noIzrayeli, lapho nabo basebeziphembele izinqubo namasiko athile emva kokuba sekubuywé ekudingisweni eBhabhiloni.
Mayelana noLwazi kwezeNkolo [Theology] ngokweziNcwadi “iKhronikhi” kubalulekile ukuthi umlobi walezi ziNcwadi uzigagula ephindelela iziphambeko nezikhubeko zamakhosi onkana azethwesa ngawo icala emehlweni oPhezukonke, aholela ulaka namashwa esizweni sonke – iziNcwadi “uSamweli” neziNcwadi “amaKhosi” lapho-ke zishayashaya-nje zibuye neno: Inkosi uAsa (2 Khr 16,7-12), uJoshafathi (2 Chr 20,35-37), uJowashi (2 Khr 24,17-25), uAmaziya (2 Khr 25,14-28) noUziya (2 Khr 26,16-23). Ngokunjalo “iKhronikhi” yaziselwa futhi ukukhumbuzana kwayo ngokwedlulela ezinye izincwadi zomlando ngokuthi oPhezukonke unguMbusi ohlala ebamba amagqubu okujezisa nokuphindisela nokukhipha isibhongo.
Ngokunjalo ziyanconywa izenzo zombusi ogcina imiyalelo nezinqubo zenkolo ngemfanelo: OPhezukonke uyambusisa amklomele ngokumangalisa kangangoba ofundayo ufikelwa ukungabaza, angakukholwisisi kahle akufundayo. Kuthiwa oPhezukonke kwake kwathi lapho abakwaJuda ngezikathi zombuso wenkosi uJoshafathi behlaselwe ngabakwaMowabhi nabakwaAmoni kanyekanye, wenza ukuthi kungadingeki-nje nokuthi abakwaJuda bahlome, bavive, bayozivikela – kuthiwa ngesimangaliso esithile-nje baphendukelana balwisana bodwa ababehlasela, bazibulalelana, baqedana-nje abakwaJuda bebuka. Kuthiwa ngaphambi kwaleyo nhlekelele abakwaJuda babekade benzé umkhuleko, kwase kuthi emva kwakho konke lokho sebeqoqana, beshaya umshungu oqondé eJerusalema ukuyohalalisa (2 Chr 20,1-30).
Kuyacaca ukuthi kulezi ziNcwadi kutholakala izifiso namathemba ngezimangaliso ezikhathini okwakulotshwa ngazo ezafakwa engxoxweni zaxutshaniswa nomlando owawaziwa. Lezo zifiso zifuzé indlela okwakuvame ukukhonza nokukholwa ngayo kwababekhonza ethempelini ngalezo zikhathi, zihambisana futhi nethemba lokuthi oPhezukonke uyohlala eveza izimangaliso uma kubhekenwe nezitha ezesatshwayo. Amathemba anjengalawo ayaqondakala uma kukhunjulwa ukuthi babesesimweni esibucayi kanjani abakwaJuda ekupheleni kombuso wasePhereshiya eminyakeni yamakhulu amane ngaphambi kwale nkathi esiphila kuyo [400 ph.Khr.], ekuthelekeni kwabombuso wamaGrikhi kwelakwaJuda beholwa umbusi wabo uAlekzanda oMkhulu okwathi emva kokukhothama kwakhe [323 ph.Khr.] elakwaJuda laqala laqhwagwa ngabaseGibhithe, balandelwa ngabaseAsiriya. Yilesi-ke isikhathi “iKhronikhi” eyalotshwa ngaso, lapho abakwaJuda babebeké khona lonke ithemba ekulanyulelweni nasekuhlengweni ngoPhezukonke, bebambelele ekushisekeleni inkonzo ngokwemfanelo.
Ziyisivumo sokholo nobufakazi benzondelelo nentshisekelo ezikhathini ezazidinga-nje kuphela ithemba koPhezukonke.
Umtapo wolwazi: isahluko esithi „Die Bücher der Chronik“, encwadini „Die Schriften der Bibel. Entstehung und Botschaft“ elotshwé ngoSiegfried Herrmann noWalter Klaiber, yashiciselwa yiNhlangano yeBhaybheli yaseJalimane [Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft], eStuttgart ngowe-1996, ISBN 3-438-06207-0, kusukela ekhasini lamashumi ayisikhombisa nesishiyagalolunye kuya kwelamashumi ayisishiyagalombili nane [79-84]; sihunyushelwé esiZulwini nguBheni wakwaKhumalo eBaQulusini [Dr Ben Khumalo-Seegelken] eseViyweni leziKhuthali oBanjiswaneni lokuHumusha nokuBhala kabusha iBhaybheli ngesiZulu [Biblia Zuluensis] https://www.biblia-zuluensis.de/ ; >> uBanjiswano lokuKhuthaza ukuKhulunywa nokuBhalwa kwesiZulu eMphakathini