Umlando ngokuqukethwe eNcwadini uJoshwa
amakhosi kwelakwaJuda nakwelakwaIzrayeliEmva kokuba esahlukweni sokugcina sikaNcwadi-Nhlanu [Dutheronoma 34] kubikwé ngokufa kukaMosi, eshonela entabeni iNebo enyakatho-mpumalanga nonqenqema lwezintaba enhla koLwandle oluFile, leNcwadi uJoshwa ixhuma khona lapho, iqhubeke nengxoxo yayo.
“izwe lesethembiso“
UJoshwa usethatha-ke lapha ubuholi besizwe ukuze silithathe siholwa nguye “izwe lesethembiso“. Esahlukweni sokuqala [Josh 1] le nhloso yokuthatha izwe ibekwa ngendlela eyinkulumo eyethulwa ngoPhezukonke uqobo lwakhe, uJoshwa avele ngokulawula ngokufanele kwenziwe yisizwe. Ekugcizeleleni ukuthi inqolobane yonke kaMosi yezibopho nemithetho kuyofanele ihlale isengqondweni kaJoshwa njengomelamayo esikhundleni sobuholi [Josh 1,8], kuvela ngokusobala ukuthi kushisekelwe inqubo yokholo ehambisana nenqubo ngokukaDutheronoma. NgumDutheronoma, umcanduli nomlobi womqulu wezibopho nemithetho ngokukaMosi, lona ozwakala kulamazwi oPhezukonke nakaJoshwa esahlukweni sokuqala [Josh 1]. Ngala mazwi akhe uqondé ukulawula ukuthi ukungena nokuzinza kwabakwaIzrayeli kulelo zwe ukubona kufanele kuhambe kanjani; ngokwenze njalo usenika umlando oyolandela lapho isizathu esinzulu nencazelo ejulile ngokokholo.
Kusukela esahlukweni sesibili [Josh 2] udaba lokuthathwa kwezwe ngokwenaba kwayo ayisaxoxwa ngulo mlobi womlando obekade eyethula. Akusenguye oxoxayo, usenambitha-nje imizekeliso eyaziwayo emidala kulokhu akushoyo. Yizigameko nezehlakalo ngobude nangobufuphi bazo ezazivele zaziwa, kwakuvele kuhlala kuxoxelwana ngazo, asezixhumanisé waveza ingxoxo eqhubekayo ngazo.
KwabakwaIzrayeli kwakuzifanela-nje nakwabanye: Ulwazi ngomsuka nomlando wesizwe sakubo lwaluphelela-nje kokuxoxelwana ngakho laphaya nalaphaya ngokuzwa kwabadala kwababesakukhumbula kwababekade nabo babekuxoxelwe ngababebadala kubo. Ngokuqhubeka kweminyaka kwabakhona abayiqoqayo le mizekeliso nezigemegeme nezehlakalo ezikuyo, bayiqopha phansi, bakha ingxoxo ende eqhubekayo. … Ngokuphindaphindwa ixoxwa le mizekeliso, ziya ngokwaziswa nokukholelwa izehlakalo nezigemegeme ezikuyo, ingani phela ziphathelene nezikhathi zakudala nòma-ke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi sezanandiswa zahlotshiswa zelulwa kokuningi. Ummongo wazo uqukethe izehlakalo ezikhumbulekayo okungeke zachithwa kuthiwe ziqanjwé muva-nje kuxoxelwana.
Kulolu hlelo lwenzingxoxo eNcwadini uJoshwa kutholakala ingxoxo ngokuthunywa kwezinhloli, zithunyelwa emzini waseJerikho (Josh 2), imininingwane ngokuwelwa komfulakazi iJoldani (Josh 3+4), iphasika nokusokwa eKhenani kanye nokuhlangana kukaJoshwa nesithunywa soPhezukonke endaweni ehlonishwayo engaziwa (Josh 5), ukunqotshwa komuzi waseJerikho (Josh 6), ukweba kukaAkhani nokunqotshwa komuzi iAyi (Josh 7+8). EGidiyoni nasemaphethelweni akhona, emgwaqweni iBhethi-Horoni kanye nasecabazini lase Ajaloni, abakwaIzrayeli banqwamana khona nezingxenye ezinkulu zesizwe somdabu kwelaseKhenani, kwathathelwana izikhali; okwakungenjalo ngaseningizimu yakwelakwaEfrayimi kanye nakweligudlé ugu (Josh 9+10).
ukungenga kwabakwaIzrayeli kwelaseKhenani
Indlela yabakwaIzrayeli bengena kwelaseKhenani ilandeleka kahle kuze kufike lapha. Besuka ngasemfuleni iJoldani, benyuka, bedlula eJerikho naseAyi, benyukela kwelingasezintabeni; eGilgali bagoba idolo okwethutshana, bahambahambe babuye babuyele khona. Kanye nabakwaGibhiyoni esifundazweni esisenyakatho nomuzi waseJerusalema, abakwaIzrayeli bakwazi ukwenza izivumelwano ezithile. Ekuqhubekeni ngomgwaqo iBhethi-Horoni, bafika esifundazweni saseAjaloni, lapho banqwamana futhi khona nabomdabu kwelaseKhenani, kwathathelwana izikhali.
Kusukela esahlukweni sesibili kuya ekupheleni kweseshumi [Josh 2-10,28] ukwazile umlobi womlando ukuxhumanisa izingxoxwana eziningana, azibumbe, zibe yingxoxo ezwakalayo ngokungena nokuzinza kwabakwaIzrayeli kwelaseKhenani. Kusesifundazweni abazabela sona basinika abomndeni wakwaBhenjamini lapha kwenzeka khona konke lokhu okuxoxwa ngakho. Umlobi walo mlando akabanganazo izingxoxo ezindala eziphathelene nezifundazwe eziseNtshonalanga neJoldani ayengazisebenzisa njengokwenhlalayenza engxoxweni yakhe – zazingekho ngokufanayo. Zimbili-nje kuphela azitholayo: eziphathelene nokuhlasela nokunqoba ngaseningizimu kwezwe (Josh 10,29-41) nasenyakatho kwesaseGalile (Josh 11). Ngasenyakatho amemana ahlangana amakhosi akwelaseKhenani, ashaywa anqotshwa ngabakwaIzrayeli ngaseMachibini akwaMeromu; kwasuka lapho kwanqotshwa nomuzi waseHazor enyakatho nechibi iGenezaretha, lo muzi okuthiwa „wawukade uyikomkhulu layo yonke leyo mibuso“ [Josh 11,10] . Ohlwini oludekazi isahluko seshumi nambili seNcwadi uJoshwa [Josh 12] sethula amagama ababusi abanqotshwayo – amakhosi kwelaseMpumalanga nakwelaseNtshonalanga neJoldani – uchungechunge lwamagama olungasho ukuthi ubani nobani babenqotshwé nini.
Isahluko seshumi nambili [Josh 12] iyisiphetho sengxoxo ngesikhathi sokuthathwa kwezwe laseKhenani ngabakwaIzrayeli. Emzabalazweni onzima ugciné ephumelele umlobi womlando ukuthi inqubo yasemandulo ihleleke ngendlela eveza isithombe sokuthatheka kwezwe ngokuphelele – ikakhuluzi kwelaseNtshonalanga-Joldani. Eqinisweni-ke kodwa akunjalo. Ngokuhlwithwa kwelakwaEfrayimu maphakathi nelaseNtshonalanga-Joldani kucishe kungabi nowodwa-nje umbiko owaqoshwayo.
Izikhala ezinjengaleso zigcwaliswa yingxenye elandelayo yeNcwadi uJoshwa, kusukela esahlukweni seshumi nantathu kuya kwesamashumi amabili nanye [Josh 13-21] – okuwuhlu ngokudatshulwa nokwabelana izwe emindenini nasezizwaneni zabakwaIzrayeli, uhlu olubekwé ngokucophelela, nòma lungafundeki luqondakale kalula kongejwayele. Imininingwane ngemingcele ebekiwe nangezinhlelo zezindawo ngokwabiwa kwazo, zazidaleka izifundazwe okwabelwana zona emindenini nasezizwaneni zonkana zabakwaIzrayeli ngokulawula kukaJoshwa, kokunye okwakuyaye kushaywe unkatha, kwehlukaniselwane kanjalo.
Le mininingwane sekwaba yiyona okubanjelelwa kuyo uma kuqwagayiswana ngobunini bezifundazwe nezindawo emindenini nasezizwaneni zabakwaIzrayeli njengoba sezaqoshwa nasebalazweni. Akungabazeki ukuthi kulezi zahluko ezingafundafundeki-nje kalula kunemininingwane yasemandulo kanti-ke futhi neyamuva-nje eyaqoshwa yafakwa lapho. Kungakho kuhlala kubuzeka ukuthi zaqoshwa nini ngasizathu sini lezi zinhlu. Kwezinye zazo kungenzeka ukuthi zazenziwé ngabaphathi baleyo naleyo ndawo lapho kwakufanele kwaziwe ukuthi ubani nobani bahlalaphi nanokuthi ezobunini beziza namadlelo zihleleké kanjani.
Lezi zinhlu zihamba ziphelele ikakhulukazi zingakafiki esikhathini sokuphatha kukaJoshwa: Akusiwo umsuka, kodwa yisiphetho salolu daba lokudatshulwa nokuhlwithwa kwezwe laseKhenani okuyiyona ndikimba yengxoxo kule ngxenye yeNcwadi uJoshwe [Josh 13-21]. Ngokunjalo-ke kungenzeka nokuthi le ngxoxo ngomngcele wakwelakwaJuda nangesibalo semizi yakhona esahlukweni seshumi nesihlanu [Josh 15] kwalotshwa muva-nje ngezikhathi zombuso wenkosi uJosiya okwakungasekupheleni kwesikhathi samakhosi, ekugcineni kwenkathi yamakhulu esikhombisa ngaphambi kwenkathi esiphila kuyo [700 ph.Khr.]. Umlobi womlando wazithathela wazisebenzisela imininingwane ayeyibona ifanele ngalezo zikhathi.
Kuyaqondakala konke lokho. UmDutheronomi, lo mlobi womlando, wayezibonela enkosini uJosiya umbusi oneso nesandla esihle owayengumcanduli nomlungiseleli kaIzrayeli wengomuso. Yingakho nje-ke kungamangalisi ukuthi isimo ngezikhathi zenkosi uJosiya wayesibona sesikade sahlelelwa salungiselelwa phambilini kusadatshulwa kwabelwana izwe ngokulawula kukaJoshwa. … Isimo ezikhathini zakudala kuthathelwa kuso ekuhleleni nasekuxazululeni ezobunini ezikhathini ezilandelayo.
Ngasemaphethelweni eNcwadi [Josh 22-24] kuyaphinda futhi kuvele izindima ezinezindaba nemizekeliso. Ilaka nemfundiso kamDuthoronomi kusobala nalapha – ikakhulukazi esahlukweni samashumi amabili nambili [Josh 22] lapho kuxoxwa khona ngemindeni nezizwana eMpumalanga-Joldani, esakwaRubeni nasekwaGadi kanye nengxenye yakwesakwaManase eyayakhé lapho:
Uma kwakunjalo iJoldani kwakungadingekile ukuthi baliwele
Ngokwalé ngxoxo, abakwaIzrayeli babekade sebefikile kuzo zonke lezo zindawo zezwe abasebedabulelane babelana lona, uma kungukuthi babengené kulo beqhamuka ngasempumalanga. IJoldani kwakungadingekile ukuthi baliwele uma kwakunjalo. UmDutheronomi-ke kodwa wayethatha ngokuthi kwakukade kudingeka ukuthi ekuthathweni kwezwe ibambisane yonke imindeni nezizwana zonkana kusuka ekuqaleni kuze kube sesiphethweni, angabikho obukelelayo. Yingakho kushiwo kusuka phansi-nje [Josh 1,12-16] ukuthi izingane nonina bemindeni yakoRubeni noGadi nabengxenye yemindeni yakwaManase bathi bengafika ezizeni nasezindaweni ezabelwe bona, basale, kuqhutshekwe ngaphandle kwabo sekuyohlwithwa elaseNtshonalanga-Joldani. Esahlukweni samashumi amabili nambili [Jos 22] sekubuyela izinsizwa noyise emakubo eMpumalanga-Joldani emva kokuba sebekufezile abebejutshelwé ukuyokwenza ngaphesheya kweJoldani.
Ingxabano isivezwa yiziko, ialthari, ababefisa ukulakha ngaseJoldani. Kwavela umbono wokuthi kungabi yiziko leminikelo yokushiswa, kube-nje sengathi yisivivane esiyoba yisikhumbuzo sokuthi nemindeni nezizwana eziseMpumalanga-Joldani nazo zingezesizwe sakwaIzrayeli. Iminikelo iyokwethulwa kulelo ziko-nje kuphela elisayokwakhiwa ngokulawula koPhezukonke. Lowo-ke yilo mqondo wesiDuthoronomi olandela umyalelo wokuthi kujwayelwe ukuthi amagugu njalo anqwatshelwe ndawonye [Dutheronoma 12] njengoba kuthathwa ngokuthi oPhezukonke uvumelana nokuthi kube neziko libe linye-nje likazwe-lonke. Umbusi uJosiya wayeqhuba ngokulandela lo mlayela ohlelweni lwakhe lombuso mayelana nesakhiwo sethempeli eJerusalema. Lezi zinqumo esahlukweni samashumi amabili nambili [Josh 22] ezizwakala ziyimpicabadala zizama ukuhambisana nemilayelo emidala. Zifuna ukugcizelela ukuthi imindeni nezizwana eziseMpumalanga-Joldani ziyingxenye yesizwe sonke okuyofakaziswa ngokuthi zavele zayeka ukuzakhela elazo iziko leminikelo yokushiswa ngokwazisa iJerusalema.
ingqondo nenqubo yesiDutheronomi
Le ngqondo yesiDutheromi elandela umyalelo wokuthi kujwayelwe ukuthi amagugu njalo anqwatshelwe ndawonye [Dutheronoma 12] ivela ngokusobala esahlukweni samashumi amabili ngambili [Josh 22] bese iphinda izwakala enkulumweni kaJoshwa emva kokufezwa komkhankaso wokuyothatha nokwabelana izwe: UJoshwa ubaxwayisa ebaxwayisisisa abakwaIzrayeli ekuphendukeleni ukudumisa nokukhonza belingisa abakwezinye izizwe – ngaleso sixwayiso uJoshwa waliphakamisa walibeka phezulu izwi elishunyayelwa ngumDutheronomi lokuthi kubanjelelwe kubanjelelisiwe kuMbusi kaIzrayeli, angafulathelwa.
Isiphetho sempela seNcwadi uJoshwa sisesahlukweni samashumi amabili nane [Josh 24] engxoxweni eyaziwa ngokuthi „yiNkundla yeSishaya-Mthetho yaseSikhame“ lapho uJoshwa ayesifungisa esigomelisa isizwe ekumaziseni nasekumkhonzeni uMbusi kaIzrayeli ezweni abasebelizuzile. Ngokuqondene naye wazikhulumela-nje wathi: „Mina nomuzi wami siyozikhonzela oPhezukonke!“ [Josh 24,15]. Emva kokuba sesiphendulile, savuma, safunga isizwe, uJoshwa usebikezela ngefindo eseliboshwé phakathi kwesizwe noPhezukonke, useshicelela konke lokho encwadini, „iNcwadi yemiThetho yoPhezukonke“, ngokulandela ingqondo nenqubo yesiDutheromi. Sesiphoqekelekile-ke manje isizwe kuleli zwe esesikulo ukugcina umthetho woPhezukonke. Ukuhlwithwa kwezwe sekubekeké ngokwezenkolo esandleni soPhezukonke. Obekubikezelwa enkulumeni kaJoshwa esahlukweni sokuqala [Josh 1], sekufezekile.
Esiphethweni kwesahluko sokugcina [Josh 24,29-33] kujotshelelwe ingxoxo ngamasiko okungcwaba ayelandelwa ngoJoshwa noJosefa noEliyeza, indodana kaAroni. Lezi zindinyana zixhuma engqondweni kaNcwadi-Nhlanu [>> UNCWADI-NHLANU], ziphenyele noJosefa, owahlenga uJakobe nabenzalo yakhe kwelaseGibhithe, nabozalo lwabaphristi, abozalo lukaAroni, iziza zokungcwatshelwa ekhaya, „ezweni lesethembiso“. Ngokuzinza kwesizwe kwelaseKhenani kugcwaliseka nezibikezelo kanye nezethembiso ezisencwadini uGenesisi, ezaziqondiswé kokhokho.
Kunombono kubahleli abathize kwezocwaningo lwezenkolo othi ngenxa yaleso sizwathu, iNcwadi uJoshwa kufanele ibalwe ihlanganiswe nalezi ezikuNcwadi-Nhlanu, oGenesisi, noEksodusi, noLevithikhusi, noNumeri kanye noDutheronoma, zibe mqulu-munye, “uNcwadi-siThupha”. Isahluko sokugcina seNcwadi uJoshwa [Josh 24] ikakhulukazi ngokujobelela kwaso ngengxoxo ngamasiko okungcwaba ayelandelwa ngoJoshwa noJosefa noEliyeza, sifundeka njengesiphetho sodabakazi lwezenkolo oluqala esahlukweni seshumi nambili kuGenesisi [Gen 12].
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Umtapo wolwazi: isahluko esithi „Das Buch Josua“, encwadini „Die Schriften der Bibel. Entstehung und Botschaft“ elotshwé ngoSiegfried Herrmann noWalter Klaiber, yashiciselwa yiNhlangano yeBhaybheli yaseJalimane [Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft], eStuttgart ngowe-1996, ISBN 3-438-06207-0, kusukela ekhasini lamashumi ayisithupha nanye kuya kwelamashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu [61-65]; sihunyushelwé esiZulwini nguBheni wakwaKhumalo eBaQulusini eViyweni leziKhuthali oBanjiswaneni lokuHumusha nokuBhala kabusha iBhaybheli ngesiZulu [Biblia Zuluensis] https://www.biblia-zuluensis.de/ ; >> uBanjiswano lokuKhuthaza ukuKhulunywa nokuBhalwa kwesiZulu eMphakathini