Umlando oqukethwe eziNcwadini “uSamweli”
Zombili iziNcwadi ezithwele isihloko esithi “uSamweli” njengalezi ezithwele isihloko esithi “amaKhosi” zingavele zethulwe kuxoxwe ngazo-nje kanyekanye. Zihlobene kakhulu impela, nòma zaqhamuka emithonjeni eyahlukene. Umlobi womlando, umDutheronomi, wayibopha yaba nyanda-nye imizekeliso nemibiko eyaseyiqoqile, wakhipha ingxoxo ebumbene ewumlando okuthi eziNcwadini ezithwele isihloko esithi “uSamweli” awugxilise engxoxweni ngeNkosi uSawuli nangeNkosi uDavida, bese kuthi kwezithwele isihloko esithi “amaKhosi” aqhubekele ezingxoxweni ngomlando wamakhosi nobukhosi owalandela lapho kuze kube sekupheleni kwawo ngokuhlaselwa nokubhidlizwa kweJerusalema ngabaseBhabhiloni [587 ph.Khr.]. Ngokunjalo kuyezwakala ukuthi umqulu wezincwadi zeThestamente eliDala ngesiGrikhi, iSephthwaginta, izincwadi “uSamweli” uzinika izihloko ezithi “yiNcwadi yamaKhosi yokuQala” neNcwadi “yamaKhosi yesiBili”, bese kuthi iNcwadi yamaKhosi uyinike esithi “yiNcwadi yamaKhosi yesiThathu”.
Ubukhosi bungené muva-nje kwelakwaIzrayeli. Ukudediswa nokuphezwa kokuziphatha ngokwenqubo yemindeni nezizwana, kubekwe inkosi ezobusa isizwe sonke, kwakungelula, kwathatha isikhathi eside. Akugcinanga kuphele nya ukuqhelelana nokungasondelanisisi ncamashi phakathi komphakathi nenkosi. Kwakukade kudingeké ukuthi kutholwe oyohamba phambili njengomkhongi, acande indlela ngaphambi kokuthi ikhethwe, ibekwe okokuqala inkosi kwelakwaIzrayeli. Kwathunywa uSamweli ukuthi kube nguye ocanda indlela; wayaziswa, ehlonishwa kwelakwaBhenjamini nakweminye imindeni. Esahlukweni sesikhombisa [I Sam 7,15-17] ubizwa ngokuthi ungomunye “wabeHluleli abancane” owayenegunya lokuqula amacala, athathe izinqumo egameni loPhezukonke [“likaNkulunkulu”]. Ngulo Samweli-ke okwethiwa ngaye le ncwadi; iqala ngokuxoxa ngaye iNcwadi “uSamweli wokuQala” [I Sam].
Okuqukethwe yiziNcwadi “uSamweli” [wokuQala nowesiBili] kumi kanje:
1. uSamweli wokuQala isahluko sokuqala kuya kweseshumi nanhlanu [I Sam 1-15]:
uSamweli nokuqala kombuso kwenkosi uSawuli
2. uSamweli wokuQala isahluko seshumi nesithupha kuya kuSamweli wesiBili isahluko sesithupha nesesishiyagalombili (I Sam 16 – II Sam Sam 6.8)
ingxoxo ngokuthuthuka kukaDavida
3. uSamweli wesiBili isahluko sesikhombisa kanye nesesishiyagalolunye kuya kwesamashumi amabili (II Sam 7.9-20) eqhubeka isuka eNcwadini “amaKhosi okuQala” isahluko sokuqala kuya kwesesibili (I Khos 1,1 – 2,11):
umlando wobukhosi kusukela kuDavida kuya kuSolomoni
4. uSamweli wesiBili isahluko samashumi amabili nanye kuya kwesamashumi amabili nane:
izithasiselo eziningi engxoxweni ngoDavida
Lezi zihloko zozine ezibukeka zihleleké kahle, zakhiwé ngezicucwana eziningi ezahlukene. Lezo zicucwana wazithola zikhona, zaziwa, umlobi walezi ziNcwadi, wazixhumanisa, wazihlanganisa ngekhono lakhe. Kofundayo kuba sengathi umzekeliso obumbune, kanti yizingxoxwana eziningi ezincane esezixhunyanisiwe njengoba kunjalo nakweminye imizekeliso: eNcwadini “uJoshwa” naseNcwadini “abeHluleli”. Izigigaba, imibiko, imithemelezo nemizekeliso yangenkathi ephambili nezithasiselo zangamuva kugcina sekungathi kunyamanye. Kungakho nje-ke lezi zicucwana zingagcini ziwumlando ofundeka ngaphandle kwezikhala nokuphikisana okuthile kwezikushoyo; azifani nendaba ezigcawugcawu, elandeleka ngokuqhubeka kwayo. Kunjalo-ke nokho zibika ngezehlakalo nezigigaba ezaziwayo.
Izincwadi ezehlukene emqulwini wemibhalo ngezenkolo [“ebhaybhelini”] sezizonke ziyinqolobane yezicucwana zezingxoxo ezehlukene. Kungamdida ofundayo, aze azibuze ukuthi lena-ke iphathelene ngani nalena; ekufakaziseni ngombiko eziwuquketheyo, kuyamsiza lokho obuzisisayo ukuthi zehlukene kanjalo – utholakala kangconywana ngaleyo ndlela yokwehluka nokuphikisana kwazo umbiko eziwuquketheyo. Kuvela obala ukuthi akusiye-nje oyedwa, kodwa baningi okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi babelokhu beyilalela, bayixoxe kabushe, bayengezele, kokunye bayinandise exoxwayo kuze kufike ekuqoshweni kwayo phansi, yedluliselwe kwabayifundayo, bayihumushele nakwezinye izilwimi ngokunjalo, njengoba isifundwa namuhla-nje.
Ikakhulukazi ezincwadini zomlando eThestamenteni eliDala lapho umzekeliso umunye utholakala ezincwadini noma ezahlukweni ezimbili noma ezintathu ezehlukene, kusondeleka kangconywana endikimbeni yomlando ngokuyifunda ngokuyiqhathanisa.
Aké sibonisane ngalezi zihloko ezine le ncwadi ehlelwé ngazo:
uSamweli wokuQala isahluko sokuqala kuya kweseshumi nanhlanu [I Sam 1-15]:
Izahluko kusukela kweseshumi nantathu kuya kweseshumi nanhlanu [I Sam 13-15] zixoxa ngenkosi esakhulayo, uSawuli, ezimpini kulwiwa namaFilisti namaAmaleki. Ngokwenqaba kukaSawuli ukuthobela imithetho [I Sam 15] samguqukela isimo; kusukela lapho oPhezukonke [“uNkulunkulu”] waqala ukuziqhelisa nokuyifulathela le nkosi eyayisekade ikhethelwe ukubusa abakwaIzrayeli. Yayiseqhamuka khona lapho eceleni eyayizolandela: uDavida.
Umbiko ngokukhula nobusha bukaDavida emashashalazini angcwele aseSilo (eShilowa) [I Sam 1-3] ulandelwa yizingxoxo okubaliswa kuzo ngokuphunyuka nokulahleka koMphongolo wesiVumelwano, ulahlekela ezandleni zamaFilisti, kuze kube sekubuyeleni kwawo kwaIzrayeli [I Sam 4-6]. Ukusebenza kukaSamweli engomunye wabeHluleli kuthinteka ezigigabeni okuxoxwa ngazo esahlukweni sesikhombisa [I Sam 7]. Esahlukweni sesishiyagalombili kuya kweseshumi nambili [I Sam 8-12] kubaliswa ngenkonzo uSamweli ayejutshelwé yona yokuthola ongabekwa abe yinkosi yesizwe sakwaIzrayeli. Imizekeliso ephathelene nalokho ayiqedwa, kanti-ke futhi inandiswé yahlotshiwa kakhulu. Ubukhosi kwelakwaIzrayeli bangena kulandelwa izinqubo ezahlukene zidedelana. Esahlukweni seshumi nambili [I Sam 12] uSamweli wethula inkulumo acacisa kuyo angavumelani ngakho nenqubo yokubuswa ngamakhosi kwelakwaIzrayeli. Kubonakala nokho sengathi lapho kanye nasesahlukweni sesishiyagalombili kuvela umbono womlobi womlando awungenisa kanjalo kulo mzekeliso, egxeka le nqubo.
uSamweli wokuQala isahluko seshumi nesithupha kuya kuSamweli wesiBili isahluko sesithupha nesesishiyagalombili
(I Sam 16 – II Sam Sam 6.8):
Kubacwaningi kwezemfundo ngezenkolo lezi zahluko zale ncwadi zaziwa ngelithi “Umlando ngokuthuthuka kukaDavida”. Lo mlando uqala ngokugcotshwa kukaDavida esemncane eBhethlehema, egcotshwa nguSamweli, iqhubekele ekuthunyweni kwakhe enkosini uSawuli owayecindezelwe umzwangedwa namaphupho amabi, uDavida ethunywé ukuyomlibazisa amthwalele nezikhali zakhe [I Sam 16]. Umzekeliso owaziwa kakhulu wokunqwamana kukaDavida noGoliyade ulandela lapho [I Sam 17]. Kuze kube lapho uSawuli akakazani noDavida.
Kuyaphikisana-ke kodwa lokho nomzekeliso osesahlukweni esandule leso [I Sam 16]]. Leso yisibonelo ngemizekeliso emibili eyehlukene ngesehlakalo sinye, exoxwa ilotshwe iphelekezelana, kwaziwa ukuthi iyahlebana kokunye futhi iyaphikisana, kwenzelwa ukuthi oyizwayo nozifundela yona alalelisise ehlosé ukukusho ngalokho. Ngokulandela omunye umzekeliso kuthiwa uGoliyade wanqotshwa ngothile waseBhethlehema, uElkhanani igama lakhe [2 Sam 21,19]. Lo Elkhanani uphatheka njalo uma kuxoxwa ngababeviva bephindelela kulwiwa namaFilisti [I Sam 21,15-22]. Kuyafakazisa lokho ukuthi imizekeliso ngamaqhawe nezihlabani ivamile ezingxoxweni eziseThestamenteni eliDala, kanti-ke futhi kuyavela-ke lapho ukuthi izibongo nokwaziswa kweqhawe nesihlabani esithile kuhamba kuhambe kwenzeke ukuthi zethweswe omunye-nje owayengaphathelene nazo. Ngokunjalo ukunqotshwa kukaGoliyade kubongelwa ngakho uDavida, kokunye kubongelwe ngakho leyo nsizwa yaseBhethelehema, uElkhanani.
Esahlukweni sokuqala [I Sam 18-26] kuxubana izimo eziningi ezahlukene ngenxa yesithukuthezi nomzwangedwa oxiné uSawuli kanye nesikhwele nomona owamzondisa uDavida. Ukuzwana nobungani phakathi kukaDavida noJonatani kwamkhwelezisa impela-nje uSawuli; ugazi nokwaziswa uDavida azitholela khona ngobuhlabani kuvivwa, kwayibhebhezela leyo nzondo. Wamsongela, wamzingela uSawuli uDavida ehla enyuka kulo lonke; uDavida ngokuhlakanipha nokuphaphama kwengqondo yakhe wahlala ephunyuka-nje njalo – yena nebutho lakhe. Uthé esuka uDavida wayeqashwa, elekelela kanye nebutho lakhe omunye wababusi bamaFilisti [I Sam 27] ekuhlaseleni abakubo, akavunyelwa nokho ukuthi abe khona mhla kubanjwana phezulu [I Sam 28-31] lapho anqotshwa wafa khona uSawuli.
NoJonatani wasala kuleyompi. Walila esingapheli uDavida, elilela uJonatani noSawuli [II Sam 1]; wathuthuka kwelakwaJuda waze wabekwa waba yinkosi yakhona emva kokubulawa kowayekade ebekwé walandela uSawuli [II Sam 2-5]. Sekuthi-ke ngokunqoba iJerusalema, lathuthuka izinga lokwaziswa kukaDavida; wagudlulela khona ikomkhulu lakhe kanye noMphongolo wesiVumelwano nòma kwakungakakwazeki ukwakha ithempeli khona [II Sam 6]. Wawuqinisa umbuso wakhe – ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Ngobuhlabani bakhe nokunqoba kwakhe esesesihlalweni sobukhosi kunombiko omfishane-nje nokho [II Sam 8].
Nòma kuba sengathi indlela le mizekeliso exoxwa ngayo ihambisana nokuqhubeka komlando, kuyacaca ukuthi iphathelene ikakhulu nempilo nezigigaba eziqondene nabathile-nje abambalwa. Bonke labo baxhumene ngaleyo nangaleyo ndlela noDavida; umzekeliso wonke udingida lokho-nje njengoba kwenzeka njalo kwezomlando oxoxwayo, ongalotshiwe phansi – ubuhlabani bamaqhawe nobuqili bezitha budlondlobala bedlule konke okunye. Ucwaningo ngokwemfundo lolu esesilwazi esilusebenzisayo muva-nje luphokophela ukuthola ulwazi ngesimo nangezindawo kanye nezinhlelo kwezombusazwe nenhlalakahle emphakathini nezinhloso nezingqinamba nezaba kokucwaningwa ngabo. Akusiyo indlela okwakuqhutshwa ngayo kule milando esifunda ngayo kulezi zincwadi; kwakuhloswé ukuxoxa ngezenzo ezitusekayo noma ezigxekekayo zabathile ababaziswa. Ngokunjalo-ke iThestamente eliDala linika ubufakazi ngentando nangamandla oMdali noPhezukonke [“uNkulunkulu”] ngaphandle kokuthi lilokhu liphindelela limgagula ngegama.
uSamweli wesiBili, isahluko sesikhombisa nesesishiyagalolunye kuya kwesamashumi amabili [2 Sam 7.9-20], kuqhubekela eNcwadini yokuQala yamaKhosi, isahluko sokuqala nesesibili [1 Khos 1,1-2,11]
Nakulezi zahluko baningi okuxoxwa ngabo; amadodana kaDavida ahamba phambili kulokho. Ayaqwagayisana, abangisana ngelungelo lobukhosana. Kuthathelwa lapho ukuthi lezi zahluko zinikwe isihlokwana esithi “umLando wokuBangwa kwesiHlalo sobuKhosi emva kukaDavida”.
USamweli wesiBili, isahluko sesikhombisa [2 Sam 7], uvula inkundla: Umphrofethi uNathani ubikezela uDavida ukuthi bayovela ozalweni lwakhe abayobusa isizwe emva kwakhe – okuyisibikezelo soZalo lobuKhosi lukaDavida. Emadodaneni kaDavida mathathu-nje agcina esele kwababebangisana ngelungelo lobukhosana: NguAbsalomu noAdoniya noSolomoni. UAbsalomu uvukela umbuso, wehluleka, wafela lapho [2 Sam 15-19]; wathi uAdoniya esehlosé ukuthi abekwe esihlalweni sobukhosi ngaseJerusalema, wafika uDavida, kwabekwa yena: UDavida wadumba uSolomoni, wathi akube nguye ogcotshelwa isihlalo sobukhosi [1 Khos 1]. Yaphela lapho-ke eyombango exoxwé yanandiswa ngemininingwane engaqedwa.
Akungabazeki ukuthi le ngxoxo – nòma ilotshwé ngenhloso ethile kwezombangazwe – isemkhondweni impela wenkambo yezenzekalo. Kuthi nòma emininingwaneni ephathalene nezimo ezithile okunye kwenzeka kuhlanezeleka, kungenzeki nokho kokuphathelene nezenzakalo ezize ziphelele esiphethweni sengxoxo. Amadodana kaDavida azilahlekelelwa ngezindlela ezehlukene uthando lukayise. Sekuze kuthi le ndodana ayithola kuBhathseba ngendlela esolakalayo [2 Sam 11-], yona kanye-ke, sekuba yiyo eba yinkosana. Inqubo yokwetha imizekeliso nokwendlala umlando ezincwadini zethestamente elidala [ThD] ibonakala ngokucacile lapha. Akusizo-nje izigigaba kuphela, kodwa nezizathu zokuxoxwa ngabo, zivuseleleka ngokubonakalayo. Nòma, njengoba kuhlale kushiwo, isimo kwezombusazwe ngezikhathi zikaSolomoni sasidinga ukuthi ukudunjwa kukaSolomoni agcotshelwe ukulandela uDavida esihlalweni sobukhosi kwesekwe ngezizathu ezithile okuthiwa kwaqalwa muva, esebusa uSolomoni, ukuxoxa ngazo nokuziqopha phansi, lezi zingxoxo zethula isithombe esiqondakalayo ngesimo ekomkhulu eJerusalema ngezikhathi zokuguga kukaDavida.
uSamweli wesiBili kusukela esahlukweni samashumi amabili nanye kuya
kwesamashumi amabili nane [2 Sam 21-24]
Esiphethweni seNcwadi yesiBili kaSamweli [2 Sam] kunenxubevange yezingxoxo okwethasiselwa kunandiswe ngazo, eziwuthikazisayo nokho umzekeliso ngombango wesihlalo sobukhosi. Isahluko samashumi mabili nanye [2 Sam 21] sibukeza ingxoxo ngoSawuli nezimpi zamaFilisti. Isahluko samashumi amabili nambili [2 Sam 22] siphindaphinda esifunda ngakho esambulweni seshumi nesishiyagalombili [iSambulo 18]. Indinyana yokuqala esahlukweni samashumi amabili nantathu [2 Sam 23,1-7] yethula inkondlo entsha eyaziwa ngokuthi “ngamazwi okugcina kaDavida” okungaziwa nokho ukuthi avelaphi. Isahluko samashumi amabili nantathu siphetha ngohlu lwamabutho namaviyo ayejutshwa nguDavida. Indikimba yesahluko samashumi amabili nane [2 Sam 24] yisinyathelo sikaDavida sokuthatha ishashalazi lomJebhusi uArawna aliphendule iziko lemihlatshelo yokudumisa uMbusi kaIzrayeli [i-althari]. Incwadi yesiBili kaSamweli [2 Sam] iphethwa inandisisiswe ngale mizekeliso eze yahlotshiswa ngombiko wokubalwa kwezakhamuzi okwakuwukubalwa kwezinsizwa ezifanele ukubuthwa ziyoviva; umlando ngoDavida wona awukafiki esiphethweni sawo ngalokho.
Umtapo wolwazi: isahluko esithi „Die Samuelbücher“, encwadini „Die Schriften der Bibel. Entstehung und Botschaft“ elotshwé ngoSiegfried Herrmann noWalter Klaiber, yashiciselwa yiNhlangano yeBhaybheli yaseJalimane [Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft], eStuttgart ngowe-1996, ISBN 3-438-06207-0, kusukela ekhasini lamashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu kuya kwelamashumi ayisithupha nesishiyagalolunye [71-75]; sihunyushelwé esiZulwini nguBheni wakwaKhumalo eBaQulusini [Dr Ben Khumalo-Seegelken] eViyweni leziKhuthali oBanjiswaneni lokuHumusha nokuBhala kabusha iBhaybheli ngesiZulu [Biblia Zuluensis] https://www.biblia-zuluensis.de/ ; >> uBanjiswano lokuKhuthaza ukuKhulunywa nokuBhalwa kwesiZulu eMphakathini