Umlando ngokuqukethwe eziNcwadini „AmaKhosi“
amakhosi kwelakwaJuda nakwelakwaIzrayeliIncwadi „amaKhosi: iNcwadi yokuQala“ [1 Khos] iqhubeza umlando ngoDavida. Ukudunjwa kukaSolomoni njengoyolandela esihlalweni sobukhosi, ukugcotshwa kwakhe, izifiso nezinqumo zokugcina zikaDavida kanye nokukhothama kwakhe iphethwa ngazo inkathi yombuso kaDavida ezahlukweni zombili zokuqala eNcwadini yamaKhosi yokuQala [1 Khos 1,1-2,11].
Kuvela obala zisuka-nje ukuthi emva kochungechunge lwezingxoxo ngoSawuli, ikakhulukazi nangoDavida, umlando ngenkathi yombuso kaSolomoni mfisha (1 Khos 2,12-11,43). Okulandela lokho-ke kusuka esahlukweni seshumi nambili [1 Khos 12] akufiki ebudeni okuxoxwa ngakho ngokuphathelene noSawuli noDavida noSolomoni. Ziningi izizathu zalokho.
Umlando ngamakhosi amathathu okuqala wawumude, wenabile kunalowo ngalandelayo. Umlobi womlando, umDutheronoma, akabange esathola lwazi olutheni lwasemandulo ayengaphembela phezu kwalo ingxoxo ngawo. Ekulobeni kwakhe ngoSolomoni nangokwakhiwa kwethempeli wayesezefika endikimbeni yomlando ngokwenhloso yakhe. Kwakusemqoka kuye ukubika ngethempeli, okwakuyisiza esingcwele soPhezukonke kaIzrayeli, kuyishashalazi elibalulekile leziko leminikelo yokushiswa kwabakwaIzrayeli okwakugxilé kulo ithemba lwabakwaJuda ngekusasa lwabozalo lwakubo. Ngokwengqondo yobuDutheronoma isimemezelo sikaNathani ngenkathi yombuso kaDavida (2 Sam 7) nokwakhiwa kwethempeli ngenkathi yombuso kaSolomoni (1 Khos 6-8) kwasekuyisiqiniseko esigcwele ngekusasa lwabozalo lukaDavida nelomphakathi waseJerusalema. Okwalandela ukukhothama kukaSolomoni kwakuthathwa njengamashwa ahambisana nesikhathi sokudingiswa.
Umlando ngeliseNyakatho kwaIzrayeli, lapho kwakumiswé khona izithole zegolide ezimbili eBhetheli nakwaDani (1 Khos 12), umDutheronomi wayewuthatha njengomlando wokuphambuka nokunhlanhlatha. Amakhosi kwelakwaJuda nakwelakwaIzrayeli wayewahlola ngeso lengqondo bese kuthi ekulobeni kwakhe ngawo awathakasela noma awagxeka ngokwezinga alandela ngalo inqubo yenkolo yabakwelaseKhenani. Amakhosi aseJerusalema, ayewathatha ngokuthi yiwona angabavikeli bethempeli, wayewagxeka ngokuwabonelela kunawakwelakwaIzrayeli. Kuqhubeka kanjalo-ke ukulotshwa komlando eziNcwadini zamaKhosi – ikakhulukazi ukubekwa komlando ngeliseNyakatho kwaIzrayeli namakhosi akhona emva kokukhothama kukaSolomoni – njengomlando wezinqumo ezinhlanhlathekayo kanye nowezingozi ezizingela nezisongela izwe.
Bavela ngokuncomekayo-ke abaphrofethi bobabili, oEliya noElisha, ababezama nakwelaseNyakatho kwaIzrayeli ukuhlenga ukholo oluyilo koPhezukonke kaIzrayeli. KwelakwaJuda kuvela amakhosi amabili anconywayo, okuthiwa angababusi abeza nenguquko: uHizikhiya (2 Khos 18-20), ikakhulukazi-ke kodwa uJosaya (2 Khos 22-23), owasiqoqa isizwe wasifungisela emBhalweni woMthetho (2 Khos 23,1-3) okwakuwumzamo wokusinikeza isisekelo esisha esigxilé ekuqhubeni ngemfundiso yobuDutheronoma okwahamba kwahamba yagcina yemukelekile.
IziNcwadi zamaKhosi ziqukethe oluningi ulwazi lwasemandulo olwalungumtapo kubalobi bomlando; ziyazisholo-ke nokho kwazona ukuthi ziyikhethelo-nje kuphela. Zixoxa ziphindelela „ngeziNcwadi zamaKhosi akwelakwaIzrayeli nakwelakwaJuda“ okungatholakala oluningi ulwazi kuzo ngamakhosi okubikwa ngawo. UmDutheronomi akusiyo inhloso yakhe ukwethula umlando ophelele ongenasikhala; ufuna ukubona umlando welakwaIzrayeli nelakwaJuda ngeso lenkonzo eyiyo koPhezukonke kaIzrayeli, ufuna – emva kwenhlekelele yonyaka wamakhulu amahlanu namashumi ayisishiyagalombili nesikhombisa ngaphambi kwalenkathi esiphila kuyo [587 ph.Khr.], unyaka okubhidlizwa kweJerusalema – ukuhlaba umkhosi, isizwe siphenduke, ukuze itshe lishaye ngomunye umhlathi.
IziNcwadi zamaKhosi zihleleké kanje:
1 Khos 1,1-2,11: Isiphetho sengxoxo ngomlando wombango wesihlalo sombuso emva kukaDavida;
1 Khos 2,12-11,43: Umlando ngoSolomoni
1 Khos 12 – 2 Khos 17: Umlando ngemibuso yomibili – owakwaJuda nowakwaIzrayeli – uxoxwa ngokudedelanisa, kuze kube seshabalaleni kombuso wakwelaseNyakatho kwaIzrayeli [722/21 ph.Khr.].
Uphahla lwengxoxo luvela emizekelisweni ngezikhathi zombuso wamakhosi. Le mizekeliso yenela ncamashi ohlelweni olubizwa ngokuthi „yinkathi elinganiselayo“, okungukuthi ukubekwa kwenkosi kwelakwaJuda kwakuqoshwa phansi ngokuthi lowo-ke kwakuwunyaka wesingaki wombuso wenkosi kwelakwaIzrayeli. Ngokunjalo-ke futhi nakwelakwaIzrayeli: Ukubekwa kwenkosi kwelaseNyakatho kwaIzrayeli kwakuqoshwa phansi ngokuthi lowo-ke kwakuwunyaka wesingaki wombuso wenkosi eJerusalema/kwelakwaJuda. Kulokho-ke kulandelaniswa inani leminyaka leyo nkosi okuxoxwa ngayo eyalihlanganisa ibusa (Izibonelo: 1 Khos 15-; 15,9-; 15,25). Ngalokho-ke kuyakwazeka ukuwaqondanisa ngokuyikho amakhosi akwelakwaIzrayeli nawakwelakwaJuda emlandweni ngawo.
Okungelula-ke nokho ukuthatha lezizikhathi zemibuso uzifake esibalweni senkathi, „inkathi yempela“, okubalwa ngayo esikhathini esiphila kuso. Ngokwempela-nje asazi ukuthi ukukhothama kukaSolomoni kwakungayiphi iminyaka [ngesibalo senkathi ngokwenkathi yempela] – nòma kwakungowamakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye namashumi amathathu nambili, nòma kungamakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye namashumi amabili nesithupha noma nesihlanu ngaphambi kwenkathi esiphila kuyo [932 noma 926/25 ph.Khr.], asazi. Inkinga-ke yikuthi ukulinganisela ngezikhathi zemibuso eyalandela lapho nxazombili kuthathelwa lapho. Leyo ngeyodwa-nje ingxaki keziningi ezinye. Zixazululeka-ke nokho ngokuthi izigigaba ezithile ethestamenteni elidala [ThD] ziqhathaniswe nezaqoshwa ngeminyaka ethile emibhalweni yabaseAsirya neyabaseBhabhiloni. Ngalokho-ke sazi ngokungangabazeki – sithathela embhalweni „iNqolobane yeMniningwane ngoMlando wakwelaseBhabhiloni“, okuyinqolobane eyayilotshwé ngendlela yasemandulo – ukuthi ukuqhwagwa nokunqotshwa kokuqala kweJerusalema kwenzeka zilishumi nesithupha kuNdasa ngowamakhulu amahlanu namashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesikhombisa ngaphambi kwesikhathi esiphila kuso [16 Mashi 597 ph.Khr.]. Kuyangabazeka nokho ukuthi ukuqhwagwa kwesibili nokubhidlizwa kweJerusalema kwakungehlobo lonyaka wamakhulu amahlanu namashumi ayisishiyagalombili nesikhombisa [587 ph.Khr.] noma kowamakhulu amahlanu namashumi ayisishiyagalombili nesithupha phambi kwenkathi esiphila kuyo [586 ph.Khr.] ngoba kuthi nje-ke maqondana nale minyaka „iNqolobane yeMniningwane ngoMlando wakwelaseBhabhiloni“ ibe nesikhala okungabhalwé lutho kuso.
Okuxoxwa ngayinye ngayinye inkosi kuyingcosana kanti futhi kulufifi. Ofundayo uyalelwa kuphindelelwa kunsukuzonke, okwakuyincwajana okwethenjwa ukuthi lowo nalowo mbusi wayenayo, eziqophela kuyo nsukuzonke ngokubona kwakhe. Ayikho neyodwa nje-ke yalezo zincwajana nasicucwana-nje sayo esingatholakala.
Imininingwane eminingana ofundayo uyithola lapho kuxoxwa khona ngezigigaba ezibalulekile amakhosi ayephathelene nazo – kuvivwa kuhlaselwa kulwiwa, kubangwa isihlalo sobukhosi noma kwakhiwa izakhiwo ezithile emphakathini nalapho kuxazululwa kulanyulwa ezingxabanweni ngenqubo namasiko athile. Umlobi womlando, umDuthoronomi, wayejwayele ukuthi azithathele isinqumo ngaleyo naleyo nkosi aloba ngayo ngokuthi ajobelele ngokuthi yiyiphi eyayithandeka koPhezukonke, yiyiphi eyayiyisinengiso, ingathandeki koPhezukonke. Abavunwa ngaphandle kombandela kuwo wonke amakhosi ngoHizikhiya noJosaya-nje kuphela, ingani phela babaziselwa ukucandula ezenkolo kwelaseJerusalema.
Kokunye kuxoxwa kulandelwa imizekeliso ethile eyayikade yaziwa: Lezo-ke yizindaba ngabaphrofethi bobabili, oEliya noElisha, ababeshisekele ukugcinwa kwemiyalo yoPhezukonke kwelaseNyakatho kwaIzrayeli, bexwayisa belwisana nokuphendukela enkolweni nasemasikweni abakwelaseKhenani (uEliya: 1 Khos 17-19.21; 2 Khos 1,1-2,18; uElisha: 2 Khos 2,19-9,1). Okulotshwé kabanzi ngakho yizehlakalo mayelana nomuzi waseJerusalema onyakeni wamakhulu ayisikhombisa nanye ngaphambi kwesikhathi esiphila kuso [701 ph.Khr.] ngezikhathi zikaHizikhiya, kuhlalelwe ovalweni, kwesatshwa abaseAsirya nombusi wabo uSanheribhu. Indendende yengxoxo indikimba yayo okuyinkosi uHizikhiya kanye nomphrofethi u-Izaya (2 Khos 18,13-20,21), ihamba ihambe iqhambuke futhi isinwetshwanwetshiwe eNcwadini u-Izaya (Iz 36-39). Ngokuyela ekuphethweni kweNcwadi yesiBili yamaKhosi (2 Khos) zethulwa zinconywe kabanzi izaba ezabayimpumelelo zenkosi uJosaya zokuvuselela nokuthuthukisa umphakathi (2 Khos 22,1-23,30).
Umlando ngemibuso yomibili – owakwaIzrayeli nowakwaJuda – eziNcwadini zamaKhosi ufundeka sengathi ulotshwé walingana nezehlakalo zenkathi ethile ngokwempela nokupheleleyo; lapha nalaphaya kunokugcizelelwa nokukhethwa kwezehlakalo okukhombisa inhloso ethile yomlobi – inhloso ehambisana nengqondo yobuDuthoronomi eyayiphokophele ukudalula iziphambeko zabakwaIzrayeli nabakwaJuda entandweni woPhezukonke ngokufakazisa ngezehlakalo ezithile, okwakuwukuphambuka emigomweni nasezibophweni ezazidalwé zaphakanyiswa ngabemfundiso yobuDutheronomi. Isikhathi sokudingiswa esisukela onykeni wamakhulu amahlanu namashumi ayisishiyagalombili nesikhombisa ngaphambi kwenkathi esiphila kuyo [587 ph.Khr.] yiso esenza ukuthi umlobi womlando ayibheke ngalelo so imibuso yomibili. Ngalokho wayefana nophethe isibuko isizwe sakubo esingazibona kuso – oshisekelele ukusikhuza asiphaphamise -, ngokusisola nokusigxeka kwakhe isizwe sakubo abe ehlosé ukusikhombisa indlela esingavuseleleka sakheke kabusha ngayo. Ngokugcizelelwa kwenqubo ngobuDutheronomi, abakwaIzrayeli bahamba bahamba bakukhuthalela ukubambelela nasekuwaziseni uMthetho [ngesiHebheru: iThora] owawusuyoba lusizo nodondolo lwabo. Ulapha-ke omunye weminyombo yokushisekela uMthetho woPhezukonke kwabakwaJuda.
Umtapo wolwazi: isahluko esithi „Die Königsbücher“, encwadini „Die Schriften der Bibel. Entstehung und Botschaft“ elotshwé ngoSiegfried Herrmann noWalter Klaiber, yashiciselwa yiNhlangano yeBhaybheli yaseJalimane [Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft], eStuttgart ngowe-1996, ISBN 3-438-06207-0, kusukela ekhasini lamashumi ayisikhombisa nesithupha kuya kwelamashumi ayisikhombisa nesishiyagalolunye [76-79]; sihunyushelwé esiZulwini nguBheni wakwaKhumalo eBaQulusini [Dr Ben Khumalo-Seegelken] eseViyweni leziKhuthali oBanjiswaneni lokuHumusha nokuBhala kabusha iBhaybheli ngesiZulu [Biblia Zuluensis] https://www.biblia-zuluensis.de/ ; >> uBanjiswano lokuKhuthaza ukuKhulunywa nokuBhalwa kwesiZulu eMphakathini